一、基本实现
关于Vue的响应式原理,可以参考 Reactivity in Depth。
从实现细节上来说,主要涉及到三个类:Observer
,Dep
和 Watcher
。它们的关系是:Observer
观察到数据的变化,并调用 Dep
的相关方法,通知到 Watcher
,然后 Watcher
执行相应的回调(更新视图等)。
下面是一个最简单的实现:
/**
* Dep
*/
class Dep {
constructor() {
this.subs = []
}
addSub(sub) {
this.subs.push(sub)
}
depend() {
if (Dep.target) {
Dep.target.addDep(this)
}
}
notify() {
this.subs.forEach(sub => sub.update())
}
}
Dep.target = null
const targetStack = []
function pushTarget(_target) {
if (Dep.target) {
targetStack.push(Dep.target)
}
Dep.target = _target
}
function popTarget() {
Dep.target = targetStack.pop()
}
/**
* Watcher
*/
class Watcher {
constructor(vm, exp, cb) {
this.vm = vm
this.cb = cb
this.deps = []
this.getter = obj => obj[exp]
this.value = this.get()
}
get() {
pushTarget(this)
const vm = this.vm
let value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
popTarget()
return value
}
addDep(dep) {
if (this.deps.indexOf(dep) < 0) {
this.deps.push(dep)
dep.addSub(this)
}
}
update() {
const value = this.get()
if (value !== this.value) {
const oldValue = this.value
this.value = value
this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
}
}
}
/**
* Observer
*/
class Observer {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value
this.walk(value)
}
walk(obj) {
Object.keys(obj).forEach(key => {
defineReactive(obj, key)
})
}
}
function observe(value) {
return new Observer(value)
}
function defineReactive(obj, key) {
const dep = new Dep()
let val = obj[key]
Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
enumerable: true,
configurable: true,
get: function reactiveGetter() {
const value = val
if (Dep.target) {
dep.depend()
}
return value
},
set: function reactiveSetter(newVal) {
val = newVal
dep.notify()
}
})
}
function createVM(data) {
const vm = { $data: data }
// 代理$data的数据,模拟vue中的实现
Object.keys(data).forEach(key => {
Object.defineProperty(vm, key, {
get() { return this.$data[key] },
set(val) { this.$data[key] = val }
})
})
// 观察$data
observe(vm.$data)
return vm
}
// main
const vm = createVM({
message: 'hello',
name: 'alex'
})
// 当message发生变化时,打印出相应的信息
watcher = new Watcher(vm, 'message', (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`value changed: new value is '${newVal}', old value is '${oldVal}'`)
})
// 触发变化,该操作会输出:value changed: new value is 'test', old value is 'hello'
vm.message = 'test'
上面的代码是一个非常简单的实现,支持对非嵌套普通对象的数据响应。
在 observe(value)
的时候,会遍历 value
的属性,对每个属性设置代理操作,即 defineReactive
。
在 defineReactive
操作中,会对每个属性生成一个 Dep
对象,然后在 reactiveGetter
中,会通过 dep.depend()
收集依赖,在 reactiveSetter
中,通过 dep.notify()
通知所有依赖此 Dep 对象的 Watcher。
Watcher 是对对象某个属性的观测,Watcher 在创建的时候,会通过 this.value = this.get()
来计算表达式的值,this.get()
逻辑如下:
get() {
// 此时Dep.target是此watcher
pushTarget(this)
// this.getter.call(vm, vm)调用的是obj[exp]
// 在上面例子中也就是调用了vm.message,也就是调用message的reactiveGetter方法
// 由于此时Dep.target是当前watcher,因此会调用dep.depend()
// 从而会调用watcher.addDep方法,将message的dep添加到改watcher的依赖中
const vm = this.vm
let value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
popTarget()
return value
}
当调用 vm.message = 'test'
的时候,messaeg
的 reactiveSetter
方法触发,从而调用 dep.notify()
,由于 watcher
依赖中有该 Dep,因此会执行 watcher.update()
,从而回调函数会被调用。
用图示例如下:
二、功能增强
1. 支持嵌套对象
上面的例子只支持最简单的普通对象,并且不支持对象嵌套,例如下面的代码就不会生效:
const vm = createVM({
user: {
name: 'alex',
password: '123456'
}
})
watcher = new Watcher(vm, 'user.password', (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`value changed: new value is '${newVal}', old value is '${oldVal}'`)
})
vm.user.password = '654321'
为了支持嵌套的对象,需要做如下改造:
首先如果属性值是一个对象,则应该递归去 observe:
function observe(value) {
const isObject = obj => obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object'
// 如果要观察的值不是对象,则直接返回
if (!isObject(value)) {
return
}
return new Observer(value)
}
function defineReactive(obj, key) {
const dep = new Dep()
let val = obj[key]
// 如果val不是Object,直接返回
// 否则会递归对嵌套对象的属性进行观察
observe(val)
Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
// ...
})
}
然后修改 Watcher,使其支持例如 a.b.c
这样的属性路径:
function parsePath(path) {
const segments = path.split('.')
return function(obj) {
for (let i = 0; i < segments.length; i++) {
if (!obj) {
return
}
obj = obj[segments[i]]
}
return obj
}
}
class Watcher {
constructor(vm, exp, cb) {
this.vm = vm
this.cb = cb
this.deps = []
this.getter = parsePath(exp)
this.value = this.get()
}
// ...
}
此时:
const vm = createVM({
user: {
name: 'alex',
password: '123456'
}
})
watcher = new Watcher(vm, 'user.password', (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`value changed: new value is '${newVal}', old value is '${oldVal}'`)
})
vm.user.password = '654321'
// value changed: new value is '654321', old value is '123456'
vm.user = { password: 'admin' }
// value changed: new value is 'admin', old value is '654321'
此时示意图如下:
2. Watcher支持函数
目前 Watcher
的 exp
参数只支持字符串,但是在有些情况下,我们希望能够传入一个函数,以如下方式来使用:
const vm = createVM({
width: 3,
height: 4
})
watcher = new Watcher(vm, function() {
return this.width * this.height
}, (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`value changed: new value is '${newVal}', old value is '${oldVal}'`)
})
此时需要调整 Watcher
:
class Watcher {
constructor(vm, expOrFn, cb) {
this.vm = vm
this.cb = cb
this.deps = []
if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
this.getter = expOrFn
} else {
this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
}
this.value = this.get()
}
// ...
}
此时:
vm.width = 4
// value changed: new value is '16', old value is '12'
vm.height = 5
// value changed: new value is '20', old value is '16'
示意图如下:
3. 支持watch数组
以上只是支持了对 object 的观察,如果是数组的话,需要对数组每一项做观察,改造如下:
class Watcher {
// ...
update() {
const value = this.get()
// 如果调用了数组的push等方法,则value === this.value依然成立,但是数组的元素已经发生了变化
if (value !== this.value || Array.isArray(this.value)) {
const oldValue = this.value
this.value = value
this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
}
}
}
// 对数组的方法做拦截,当调用这些方法的时候,会触发watcher
const arrayMethods = Object.create(Array.prototype)
const methodsToPatch = [
'push',
'pop',
'shift',
'unshift',
'splice',
'sort',
'reverse'
]
methodsToPatch.forEach(method => {
const original = arrayMethods[method]
Object.defineProperty(arrayMethods, method, {
value: function(...args) {
const result = original.apply(this, args)
const ob = this.__ob__
let inserted
switch (method) {
case 'push':
case 'unshift':
inserted = args
break
case 'splice':
inserted = args.slice(2)
break
}
if (inserted) {
ob.observeArray(inserted)
}
ob.dep.notify()
return result
}
})
})
class Observer {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value
this.dep = new Dep()
Object.defineProperty(value, '__ob__', {
value: this,
enumerable: false
})
if (Array.isArray(value)) {
// 对数组遍历watch
value.__proto__ = arrayMethods
this.observeArray(value)
} else {
this.walk(value)
}
}
walk(obj) {
Object.keys(obj).forEach(key => {
defineReactive(obj, key)
})
}
observeArray(items) {
items.forEach(item => observe(item))
}
}
function observe(value) {
const isObject = obj => obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object'
if (!isObject(value)) {
return
}
let ob
if (Object.hasOwnProperty(value, '__ob__') && value.__ob__ instanceof Observer) {
// 避免重复watch
ob = value.__ob__
} else {
ob = new Observer(value)
}
return ob
}
function defineReactive(obj, key) {
const dep = new Dep()
let val = obj[key]
let childOb = observe(val)
Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
enumerable: true,
configurable: true,
get: function reactiveGetter() {
const value = val
if (Dep.target) {
dep.depend()
if (childOb) {
childOb.dep.depend()
}
}
return value
},
set: function reactiveSetter(newVal) {
val = newVal
childOb = observe(newVal)
dep.notify()
}
})
}
此时:
const vm = createVM({
items: [1, 2]
})
watcher = new Watcher(vm, 'items', (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`value changed: new value is '${newVal}'`)
})
vm.items.push(3)
// value changed: new value is '1,2,3'
vm.items.unshift(0)
// value changed: new value is '0,1,2,3'